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A sediment basin is a depression or sump area used to collect and store debris and sediment so that it does not discharge into reservoirs, wetlands, diversions, waterways, and streams. One can be utilized to prevent deposition in bottomlands, to control runoff from construction sites or disturbed areas, and in general to reduce pollution and sedimentation of water bodies.

The sedimentation of low lying areas and bodies of water can cause habitat loss and the loss of storage volume to storm water management ponds, recreational bodies of water, and reservoirs.